Dangerous Goods are substances or articles that are harmful to human health, public safety and environmental safety. The substances include: pure substances and mixtures (special reminder: alloys should be considered as a mixture for classification purposes); items refer to goods other than chemicals such as batteries, airbags, lighters, fireworks and firecrackers.
    In the previous paragraph, we said that “dangerous goods†are usually targeted at transportation, and there is a significant difference between “safety chemicals†and the scope of application. However, people tend to confuse the two concepts. It is not correct to always classify “dangerous goods†and “dangerous chemicalsâ€. After all, the classification systems of the two are very different.
    In this interpretation, we will focus on the classification system of “dangerous goodsâ€, so that everyone has a deeper and clearer understanding and understanding of “dangerous goodsâ€.
First, the legal system
    The so-called no-rule is not a square, and any classification of the hazard of the goods must be based on evidence, which necessarily involves the laws and regulations on which the classification is based. Therefore, before we tell you about the dangerous goods classification system, let us first take a look at its regulatory system.
    Basic specification file Dangerous Goods Classification for the United Nations "on the Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations" (Recommendations on the T ransport Of D angerous G oods Model Regulations, referred to as TDG or Orange Book), the regulations issued in 1956, It is generally revised every two years, and the latest version is the 19th revised version released in 2015 (click to view the revision). At the same time, according to the different modes of transportation of goods, several important regulatory documents have been derived in the later stage. At present, the following are commonly used in the world, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Regulatory system for classification of dangerous goods
Second, the classification system
1) Classification of dangerous goods
    According to the hazard characteristics of goods, dangerous goods are generally divided into 9 categories, each of which can be subdivided into small categories or categories according to the level of damage. When the dangerousness of the goods falls into one or more of the nine categories, the goods are dangerous goods. The specific hazard categories are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Hazard categories of goods
    It should be noted that the order of the numbers of categories and items does not represent the level of danger . At the same time, some goods not only have one hazard category, but may also contain two or even three hazard categories in the above table. In this case, it is often necessary to confirm the main hazard categories and minor hazards according to the risk order rules. category.
2) Packaging classification of dangerous goods
    One of the purposes of hazard classification of goods is to select the appropriate packaging for the dangerous goods to be transported to ensure the safety of transportation. Under normal circumstances, according to the degree of danger of dangerous goods, the packaging category is divided into three, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Packaging categories of dangerous goods
    The packaging category of dangerous goods is clearly listed in the corresponding entry in the Dangerous Goods List, however, a large part of the “UN Packaging Category†column is empty. Does this mean that dangerous goods belonging to this item are not required for packaging? The answer is obviously no.
    The regulations stipulate that containers for Class 1 explosives , Class 4.1 self-reactive substances and 5.2 organic peroxides , including IBCs and large containers, must meet at least the medium hazard category ( Class II packaging ). It must meet the specific packaging requirements given in the packaging specifications. Taking organic peroxide as an example, the packaging method is generally indicated by the codes "OP1" to "OP8". In addition to the container, there are certain restrictions on the maximum load, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Packaging method OP1 to OP8 maximum load per container / package
    In addition, for the second type of gas cargo, the 6.2th infectious substance, the seventh type of radioactive material, the ninth type of miscellaneous dangerous goods, etc., although the specific packaging category is not listed in the corresponding item, Dangerous goods must be loaded and accommodated in accordance with the corresponding special provisions in the packaging specifications.
3) Classification and identification of dangerous goods
    We usually divide dangerous goods into two types, one is the goods listed in the regulations, such as methanol (UN1230), phosphorus pentoxide (UN1807), etc., in the "Dangerous Goods List", a total of more than 1000 common pures are listed. Substances, which are commonly referred to as listed goods, are assigned fixed UN numbers, correct shipping names, etc., and generally do not require additional testing or data to be classified.
    Another dangerous goods, referred to as the non-listed goods, such goods need to first determine the risk category (including secondary hazard categories) according to its hazardous characteristics, package type, combined with the type of material goods, transport, use application Factors such as the “genus†or “unspecified†entries are included. For example, "p-nitroaniline, o-nitroaniline, m-nitroaniline" are all classified into UN1661, the official shipping name is "nitroaniline"; "tricyclazole" is classified into UN3077, the official shipping name is "right" Environmentally harmful solid substances, not otherwise specified.
    It is worth noting that even if there is a difference in the transportation status and packaging form of the same kind of goods, the classification and identification conclusions may be different. Examples are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Example of different identification conclusions for the same goods
Third, summary
    In this interpretation, we first introduced the legal system of “dangerous goods†, and introduced the classification system of dangerous goods from the three aspects of dangerous goods classification, packaging classification and classification and identification. It is not difficult to find out. The difference between “dangerous goods†and “dangerous chemicals†is not only reflected in the literal language, but also has a large difference in the classification system.
In a certain sense, the classification conclusion of dangerous goods will directly affect the packaging of goods and affect the safety of goods in transportation. At the same time, the classification conclusion of goods is also the direct basis for the supervision of relevant regulatory departments (commodity inspection, customs, etc.).
    Therefore, whether it is for safety or compliance, it is necessary for relevant practitioners to learn and understand the classification system of dangerous goods.
    In the previous paragraph, we said that “dangerous goods†are usually targeted at transportation, and there is a significant difference between “safety chemicals†and the scope of application. However, people tend to confuse the two concepts. It is not correct to always classify “dangerous goods†and “dangerous chemicalsâ€. After all, the classification systems of the two are very different.
    In this interpretation, we will focus on the classification system of “dangerous goodsâ€, so that everyone has a deeper and clearer understanding and understanding of “dangerous goodsâ€.
First, the legal system
    The so-called no-rule is not a square, and any classification of the hazard of the goods must be based on evidence, which necessarily involves the laws and regulations on which the classification is based. Therefore, before we tell you about the dangerous goods classification system, let us first take a look at its regulatory system.
    Basic specification file Dangerous Goods Classification for the United Nations "on the Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations" (Recommendations on the T ransport Of D angerous G oods Model Regulations, referred to as TDG or Orange Book), the regulations issued in 1956, It is generally revised every two years, and the latest version is the 19th revised version released in 2015 (click to view the revision). At the same time, according to the different modes of transportation of goods, several important regulatory documents have been derived in the later stage. At present, the following are commonly used in the world, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Regulatory system for classification of dangerous goods
Second, the classification system
1) Classification of dangerous goods
    According to the hazard characteristics of goods, dangerous goods are generally divided into 9 categories, each of which can be subdivided into small categories or categories according to the level of damage. When the dangerousness of the goods falls into one or more of the nine categories, the goods are dangerous goods. The specific hazard categories are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Hazard categories of goods
    It should be noted that the order of the numbers of categories and items does not represent the level of danger . At the same time, some goods not only have one hazard category, but may also contain two or even three hazard categories in the above table. In this case, it is often necessary to confirm the main hazard categories and minor hazards according to the risk order rules. category.
2) Packaging classification of dangerous goods
    One of the purposes of hazard classification of goods is to select the appropriate packaging for the dangerous goods to be transported to ensure the safety of transportation. Under normal circumstances, according to the degree of danger of dangerous goods, the packaging category is divided into three, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Packaging categories of dangerous goods
    The regulations stipulate that containers for Class 1 explosives , Class 4.1 self-reactive substances and 5.2 organic peroxides , including IBCs and large containers, must meet at least the medium hazard category ( Class II packaging ). It must meet the specific packaging requirements given in the packaging specifications. Taking organic peroxide as an example, the packaging method is generally indicated by the codes "OP1" to "OP8". In addition to the container, there are certain restrictions on the maximum load, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Packaging method OP1 to OP8 maximum load per container / package
    In addition, for the second type of gas cargo, the 6.2th infectious substance, the seventh type of radioactive material, the ninth type of miscellaneous dangerous goods, etc., although the specific packaging category is not listed in the corresponding item, Dangerous goods must be loaded and accommodated in accordance with the corresponding special provisions in the packaging specifications.
3) Classification and identification of dangerous goods
    We usually divide dangerous goods into two types, one is the goods listed in the regulations, such as methanol (UN1230), phosphorus pentoxide (UN1807), etc., in the "Dangerous Goods List", a total of more than 1000 common pures are listed. Substances, which are commonly referred to as listed goods, are assigned fixed UN numbers, correct shipping names, etc., and generally do not require additional testing or data to be classified.
    Another dangerous goods, referred to as the non-listed goods, such goods need to first determine the risk category (including secondary hazard categories) according to its hazardous characteristics, package type, combined with the type of material goods, transport, use application Factors such as the “genus†or “unspecified†entries are included. For example, "p-nitroaniline, o-nitroaniline, m-nitroaniline" are all classified into UN1661, the official shipping name is "nitroaniline"; "tricyclazole" is classified into UN3077, the official shipping name is "right" Environmentally harmful solid substances, not otherwise specified.
    It is worth noting that even if there is a difference in the transportation status and packaging form of the same kind of goods, the classification and identification conclusions may be different. Examples are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Example of different identification conclusions for the same goods
Third, summary
    In this interpretation, we first introduced the legal system of “dangerous goods†, and introduced the classification system of dangerous goods from the three aspects of dangerous goods classification, packaging classification and classification and identification. It is not difficult to find out. The difference between “dangerous goods†and “dangerous chemicals†is not only reflected in the literal language, but also has a large difference in the classification system.
In a certain sense, the classification conclusion of dangerous goods will directly affect the packaging of goods and affect the safety of goods in transportation. At the same time, the classification conclusion of goods is also the direct basis for the supervision of relevant regulatory departments (commodity inspection, customs, etc.).
    Therefore, whether it is for safety or compliance, it is necessary for relevant practitioners to learn and understand the classification system of dangerous goods.
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