Since the discovery of cadmium in the early 20th century, the production of cadmium has increased year by year. Cadmium is widely used in electroplating, chemical, electronics, and nuclear industries. Cadmium is a by-product of the smelting industry. It is mainly used for batteries, dyes, or plastic stabilizers. It is more easily absorbed by crops than other heavy metals. A considerable amount of cadmium is discharged into the environment through waste gas, waste water, and waste residue, causing pollution. The sources of pollution are mainly lead-zinc mines, as well as non-ferrous metal smelting, electroplating and factories using cadmium compounds as raw materials or catalysts.
The pollution of soil by cadmium mainly includes gas type and water type. Gas-type pollution is mainly caused by the diffusion of cadmium-containing industrial exhaust gases and natural settlement. It accumulates in the soil around the plant and can make the cadmium concentration in the soil reach 40 ppm. Some of the pollution can reach several kilometers. The water-type pollution is mainly caused by the beneficiation of lead-zinc ore and related industries (electroplating, alkaline batteries, etc.) into the surface water or into the groundwater.
Inhalation of a large amount of acute poisoning caused by cadmium oxide fumes is the same as the treatment of general irritant gas poisoning. The key is to prevent pulmonary edema.
Should be evacuated as soon as possible from the scene of the accident, keep quiet, bed rest, inhalation of oxygen, keep the airway open, can be used 10% silicone aerosol inhalation to eliminate foam, adrenal cortical hormone can reduce capillary permeability, early quantitative use should be. Limiting the amount of liquid intake, giving antibiotics to prevent secondary infections, and acute ingestion of cadmium poisoning mainly adopt symptomatic treatment, giving a large amount of rehydration, injection of atropine for antiemetic and elimination of abdominal pain.
Chronic kidney damage caused by cadmium poisoning, the diet should increase calcium and phosphate intake, supply adequate zinc and protein, metal complexing agent calcium disodium edetate (caNa2EDTA) can increase the discharge of cadmium, but can increase the kidney The damage is currently not recommended for acute or chronic poisoning. It has been reported that oral nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) can promote cadmium excretion (mainly via feces), thereby reducing the accumulation in the body without impairing kidney function.
In order to prevent cadmium poisoning, places where smelting and using cadmium and its compounds should be well ventilated and sealed. Welding and plating processes should be equipped with personal gas masks in addition to the necessary ventilation equipment. No food should be eaten and smoked at the place of production. The maximum allowable concentration of cadmium oxide at production sites in China is 0.1 mg/m3.
Cadmium plated containers cannot store foods, especially vinegar and other acidic foods.
Cadmium contaminates soil and can cause public health problems. The pollution of soil by cadmium mainly takes two forms. First, cadmium in industrial waste gas diffuses with the wind to the surrounding, sediments by nature, and accumulates in the soil around the plant. Another way is to use cadmium-containing industrial wastewater to irrigate farmland and make soil. Contaminated by cadmium. Therefore, in order to prevent cadmium from polluting the environment, we must do a good job in environmental protection and strictly implement cadmium's environmental health standards.
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