According to a physicist’s report, a research team at the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom recently applied a spraying technique to the development of perovskite solar panels. The application of this material and technology will help reduce the cost of solar power generation. Experts from the Faculty of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Sheffield and the School of Chemical and Biological Engineering had previously used spray technology to produce solar cells for organic semiconductor materials. The use of perovskite materials is a major advancement on this basis.
A British research team has made significant progress in the use of spray technology to produce perovskite solar panels. It is expected to significantly reduce the cost of solar power generation.
Photovoltaic materials based on metal halide perovskites were first exhibited in 2012. Now this technology has become a very promising material choice in the field of solar cells, because it combines the characteristics of high efficiency and low cost. The use of material spraying technology will minimize the waste of materials and be more suitable for large-scale production applications - a bit like the automotive painting and image printing industries.
Professor David Lidzey, the chief scientist, said: “People are very interested in photovoltaic materials based on perovskites.†He said: “More importantly, this material will be expected to set high performance in mature solar cell materials. With the low-cost manufacturing of organic optoelectronic materials."
Most of the current solar panels are made using energy-intensive materials, such as silicon, meaning that the energy required to produce such materials is high. In contrast, the energy required to produce perovskite materials is much lower. By adopting an intensive spray process, the research team expects further cost reductions.
Professor Leeds said: “The best energy conversion power record for organic solar panels is about 10%. Currently, solar panels with perovskite materials have achieved 19% conversion efficiency, and 25% conversion rate from silicon solar panels has been achieved. However, silicon solar panels currently occupy the absolute monopoly position in the market,†he said. “The perovskite solar panels we research and develop still use similar structures to organic solar cells. What we are doing is mainly to replace them. The core material of the light absorption layer, namely the organic layer, was replaced by a sprayed perovskite layer. The use of a perovskite layer in place of the organic absorption layer resulted in a significant increase in the energy conversion rate of the product.
A team at the University of Sheffield found that by spraying perovskite layers, they can increase the efficiency of their original solar panels by about 11%. Professor Leeds said: "This achievement further advances the existing work and marks that the perovskite coating technology will begin to gradually move out of the laboratory. This is a crucial step towards efficient and low-cost solar panels."
Solar energy is becoming an important part of the global renewable energy field. Despite the global economy's difficulties, the solar cell market still maintains a high growth momentum. Professor Leeds said: "I believe that this kind of thin film photoelectric conversion technology will play an important role in boosting solar energy applications. Among these, the adoption of perovskite materials will be promising."
A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator or lift intended to carry objects rather than people. Dumbwaiters found within modern structures, including both commercial, public and private buildings, are often connected between multiple floors. When installed in restaurants, schools, kindergartens, hospitals, retirement homes or in private homes, the lifts generally terminate in a kitchen.
The term seems to have been popularized in the United States in the 1840s, after the model of earlier "dumbwaiters" now known as serving trays and lazy Susans. The mechanical dumbwaiter was invented by George W. Cannon, a New York City inventor. Cannon first filed for the patent of a brake system (US Patent no. 260776) that could be used for a dumbwaiter on January 6, 1883. Cannon later filed for the patent on the mechanical dumbwaiter (US Patent No. 361268) on February 17, 1887.Cannon reportedly generated a vast amount of royalties from the dumbwaiter patents until his death in 1897.
A simple dumbwaiter is a movable frame in a shaft, dropped by a rope on a pulley, guided by rails; most dumbwaiters have a shaft, cart, and capacity smaller than those of passenger elevators, usually 45 to 450 kg (100 to 1000 lbs.) Before electric motors were added in the 1920s, dumbwaiters were controlled manually by ropes on pulleys.
Early 20th-century codes sometimes required fireproof dumbwaiter walls and self-closing fireproof doors and mention features such as buttons to control movement between floors and locks on doors preventing them from opening unless the cart is stopped at that floor. Dumbwaiter Lifts in London were extremely popular in the houses of the rich and privileged. Maids would use them to deliver laundry to the laundry room from different rooms in the house. They negated the need to carry handfuls of dirty washing through the house, saving time and preventing injury.
A legal complaint about a Manhattan restaurant's dumbwaiter in 1915, which also mentions that food orders are shouted up and down the shaft, describes its operation and limitations as follows:
[There is] ... great play between the cart of the dumb-waiter and the guides on which it runs, with the result that the running of the cart is accompanied by a loud noise. The rope which operates the cart of the dumb-waiter runs in a wheel with a very shallow groove, so that the rope is liable to and does at times slip off. ... The cart has no shock absorbers at the top, so that when it strikes the top of the shaft or wheel there is a loud report. ... [T]he ropes of the dumb-waiter strike such wall at frequent intervals with a loud report. ... [T]he dumb-waiter is often negligently operated, by running it faster than necessary, and by letting it go down with a sudden fall.
More recent dumbwaiters can be more sophisticated, using electric motors, automatic control systems, and custom freight containers of other kinds of elevators. Recently constructed book lifts in libraries and mail or other freight transports in office towers may be larger than many dumbwaiters in public restaurants and private homes, supporting loads as heavy as 450 kg (990lbs)
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