Water and fertilizer integration technology is a new agricultural technology that integrates irrigation and fertilization. Water and fertilizer integration is a pressure irrigation system that combines the soluble solid fertilizer or liquid fertilizer into the soil at the root of the crop together with the irrigation water. Using fertigation techniques, the design of the whole growth period can be designed according to the demand for crop growth, and the water and nutrients can be quantitatively and regularly distributed to the crops in proportion. Pressure irrigation has the form of sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation. The current common form is the combination of micro-irrigation and fertilization, and the combination of drip irrigation, micro-spraying and fertilization is mostly. The micro-irrigation and fertilization system consists of four parts: water source, first hub, water distribution pipeline and emitter. Water sources include: rivers, reservoirs, wells, ponds, etc.; the first hub includes motors, pumps, filters, fertilisers, control and measurement equipment, and protection devices; and water distribution pipelines include main, dry, support, capillary and pipeline controls. Valve; the emitter includes a dripper or nozzle, and a drip tape.
First, the appropriate range
The technology is suitable for fixed water sources such as wells, reservoirs, reservoirs, etc., and has good water quality, meets micro-irrigation requirements, and has been built or conditionally built for the promotion and application of micro-irrigation facilities. It is mainly suitable for greenhouse cultivation of crops such as agricultural cultivation, orchard cultivation and cotton, as well as other crops with good economic benefits.
Second, technical points
1. Selection of micro-irrigation and fertilization system
According to the water source, topography, planting area and crop type, different micro-irrigation systems are selected. Protected cultivation, planting of open-spotted vegetables, and cultivation of economic crops in the field generally require drip fertigation systems. Fertilizers generally use venturi fertilisers, differential pressure fertiliser tanks or fertilizer pumps. The orchard generally chooses the micro-spraying fertilization system, and the fertilizing device generally selects the fertilizer pump, and the automatic fertigation system can be selected in the place where conditions permit.
2. Develop a micro-irrigation and fertilization program
(1) Determination of micro-irrigation system
The irrigation quota is determined based on the water requirement of the crop planted and the precipitation during the crop growth period. The irrigation quota for micro-irrigation and fertilization in open field should be reduced by 50% compared with flood irrigation, and the irrigation quota for drip irrigation should be reduced by 30%-40% compared with greenhouse irrigation. After the irrigation quota is determined, the irrigation period, the number of times, and the amount of irrigation each time are determined according to the water requirement law of the crop, the precipitation situation and the soil moisture.
(2) Determination of fertilization system
There are significant differences between micro-irrigation and traditional fertilization techniques. A reasonable micro-irrigation and fertilization system should first determine the total fertilization amount, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the ratio of bottom and top dressing according to the fertilizer requirement of the crop, the fertility level of the plot and the target yield. The fertilizer used as the base fertilizer is applied before the preparation of the soil, and the top dressing is determined according to the fertilizer characteristics of different crop growth stages. The implementation of micro-irrigation and fertilization technology can increase the fertilizer utilization rate by 40%-50%, so the amount of fertilizer used for micro-irrigation is 50%-60% of conventional fertilization. For example, in the case of tomato cultivation, the target yield is 10,000 kg/mu. For every 1000 kg of tomato produced, n: 3.18 kg, p2o5: 0.74 kg, k2o: 4.83 kg, and the total nutrient demand is n: 31.8 kg, p2o5: 7.4. Kilogram, k2o: 48.3 kg; the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the season under the facility cultivation conditions is 57%-65%, the phosphate fertilizer is 35%-42%, and the potassium fertilizer is 70%-80%; the above yield should be applied to the mu: 53.12 kg, p2o5 : 18.5 kg, k2o: 60.38 kg, total 132 kg (not calculated soil nutrient content). Based on the nutritional characteristics of tomato, the fertilization plan for each growth period of tomato was formulated.
(3) Selection of fertilizer
The application of the bottom fertilizer in the micro-irrigation and fertilization system is the same as that of the traditional fertilization, and may include various organic fertilizers and various fertilizers. However, the fertilizer type of micro-irrigation and topdressing must be soluble fertilizer. Urea, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and other fertilizers that meet national or industrial standards have higher purity, less impurities, and do not precipitate after being dissolved in water. top dressing. Supplemental phosphorus is generally used as a top dressing with soluble fertilizer such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Topdressing supplements with trace element fertilizers can generally not be used simultaneously with phosphorus topdressing to avoid the formation of insoluble phosphate precipitates and block the dripper or nozzle.
3. Supporting technology
The implementation of water and fertilizer integration technology should be applied to the application of improved crop varieties, pest control and field management techniques. It can also be adapted to crops, using film-covering technology to form drip irrigation under the film, and fully exerting the advantages of water-saving and fertilizer-saving to increase crop yield. Improve crop quality and increase efficiency.
Third, the implementation effect
1, water saving. Water and fertilizer integration technology can reduce water infiltration and evaporation and improve water utilization. Under open air conditions, micro-irrigation and fertilization have a water-saving rate of about 50% compared with flood irrigation. Under the conditions of protected cultivation, drip irrigation and fertilization compared with simmering irrigation, 80-120 cubic meters of water per mu of greenhouse, the water saving rate is 30%-40%.
2, fertilizer. The integrated water and fertilizer technology realizes balanced fertilization and concentrated fertilization, reduces the loss and loss of fertilizer, and the loss caused by excess nutrients. It has the advantages of simple fertilization, timely fertilizer supply, easy absorption of crops, and improved fertilizer utilization. In the case of similar or identical crop yields, water and fertilizer integration can save 40%-50% of fertilizer compared with traditional technology fertilization.
3. Improve the micro-ecological environment
Protected land cultivation adopts water and fertilizer integration technology, and firstly, the air humidity in the shed is obviously reduced. Compared with conventional drip fertigation, drip irrigation can reduce air humidity by 8.5-15%. The second is to maintain the temperature inside the shed. Drip fertigation reduces the number of times of ventilation and dehumidification to reduce the temperature in the shed. The temperature in the shed is generally 2-4 °C, which is conducive to crop growth. The third is to enhance microbial activity. Compared with conventional drip fertigation technology, drip fertigation can increase the ground temperature by 2.7 °C, which is beneficial to enhance soil microbial activity and promote nutrient uptake by crops. The fourth is to improve the physical properties of the soil. Drip fertigation overcomes soil compaction caused by irrigation, soil bulk density decreases, and porosity increases. The fifth is to reduce soil nutrient leaching and reduce groundwater pollution.
4. Reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases
The reduction of air humidity greatly inhibits the occurrence of crop diseases, reduces the input of pesticides and the labor input of disease prevention and control. The micro-irrigation fertilization reduces the amount of pesticide per acre by 15%-30%, and saves 15-20 labors.
5. Increase production and improve quality
Water and fertilizer integration technology can improve crop yield and improve product quality. Orchards generally increase production by 15%-24%, and facility cultivation increases production by 17%-28%. Taking the cultivation of cucumber in Yuanping City as an example, drip fertigation reduced the deformed melon by 21% compared with conventional drip irrigation, and the normal melon increased by 850 kg; the yield of cucumber increased by 280 kg, and the output value increased by 1356 yuan.
6. Improve economic efficiency
The economic benefits of water and fertilizer integration technology include increasing production, improving quality and benefiting from savings. Orchard generally saves 300-400 yuan per mu, increases production and income by 300-600 yuan; saves 400-700 yuan for facility cultivation, including 85-130 yuan for water-saving, 130-250 yuan for fertilizer, 80-100 yuan for pesticides. Save labor 150-200 yuan, increase production and increase income by 1000-2400 yuan.
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