High-rise building fire fighting and escape method

With the development of China’s social economy, the scale of the construction industry is also expanding. High-rise buildings and even super high-rise buildings that can maximize the use of limited land resources are inevitable products of the construction industry and social and economic development. The significance of urban construction is enormous. Today, high-rise buildings have become very common, and there have been significant advancements in the quality of life and construction quality. But at the same time, people have also realized that the lack of fire protection in high-rise buildings has become a fatal flaw in high-rise buildings. Fire extinguishing and escape strategies are now high-rise buildings. Difficulties that buildings need to solve most. Because the design structure of high-rise buildings is different from ordinary low-rise buildings, lighting materials used in buildings are light, and there are a large number of electrical equipment inside high-rise buildings. Once a fire occurs, the fire is expanding rapidly and the fire is on fire. The pace of rushing is also very rapid. The higher the number of households is, the easier it is for the occupants to be trapped by the fire rushing in the lower tiers, resulting in a difficult escape situation. Because the fire rushes at a very fast rate, it is quite difficult for the fire brigade to take rescue. Therefore, research on fire extinguishing and escape strategies for high-rise buildings is an important research to protect the property safety and life safety of residents.

First, the characteristics of high-rise building fire

( a ) The fire spreads quickly

Among the high-rise buildings, there are many construction materials with low burning points. Most of these construction materials are used in the interior of high-rise buildings. In the event of a fire, these low-burning construction materials will be ignited in an instant and cannot restrain the spread of fire. In addition, there are a large number of pipe wells and vertical pipes or spaces such as elevators and stairwells in high-rise buildings. In the event of a fire, heat convection will occur in high-temperature environments. The fire will follow these vertical lines. The rapid expansion of the pipeline and space can reach speeds of up to three to four meters per second. The fire is very rapid and difficult to control.

( b ) Difficulty in rescue work

Compared to ordinary buildings, once a high-rise building has a fire, the difficulties faced by the fire fighting and rescue work are much greater. If the fire point is high, then the fire fighting equipment will be difficult to directly contact the fire point, and the fire extinguishing time will be relatively long. . At the same time, if high-level personnel are trapped in the fire, it will take more time for rescue workers to reach the top, and if the fire is very fierce, the structure of high-rise buildings will also become vulnerable, and it will be very dangerous for trapped people and rescue workers. Rescue work is very difficult.

Second, the causes of fire in high-rise buildings

( I ) Reasons for the design structure of high-rise buildings

In the process of designing high-rise building structures, there are often designs that are not conducive to fire prevention work. Some high-rise buildings will use a lot of electrical equipment to improve the performance of high-rise buildings when designing, and the increase in the number of electrical equipment means that there must be a stable enough power supply to be able to supply the operation of these electrical equipment, but in high-rise buildings is Electricity supply lines for electrical equipment are mostly independent lines, and the number of households in high-rise buildings is also much higher than the number of households in general buildings. The daily electricity consumption of households is also much higher than that of general buildings. This way, high-rise buildings The total power used for electricity has remained high for a long period of time, and the wires inside the building have been designed to be more concentrated. The cables and wires inside the building are in a state of high-load operation for a long time, and the aging of the wire is faster, if it is not replaced and maintained in time. It is extremely prone to high temperatures, resulting in burnout of the meter or short circuit of the wire, resulting in a fire.

( II ) Low burning point of used building materials

In the process of building high-rise buildings, a large number of building materials are used, such as building wall materials, ceiling materials, and beam materials, and various types of materials of different qualities, and the number of building materials used in high-rise buildings is also far away. Exceeding the number of materials used in general buildings, the fire performance of building materials directly determines the fire performance of high-rise buildings as a whole. However, during the construction process, most of the construction units were only pursuing the practicality and economy of building materials. They did not fully consider the fireproof performance. As a result, many building materials in high-rise buildings have low ignition points. Not only will it greatly increase the chance of a fire, but in the event of a fire, this lighter building material not only cannot suppress the fire, but it will also accelerate the spread of fire.

( iii ) The fire safety awareness of residents is not high

Part of the causes of fires in high-rise buildings are caused by human negligence from households. Households lack the awareness of fire safety. They can easily inadvertently cause naked flames when using fires. However, they have oil, gas, natural gas, and liquefaction in kitchens. Gas and many other flammable materials will cause a huge fire if they are not careful, and most households have not received any professional firefighting knowledge education. In the early stages of a fire, there is no way to extinguish fire in time, and it is very easy to quickly escape due to fear. The fire that was originally able to be controlled quickly spread and evolved into a huge fire.

Third, fire prevention measures for high-rise buildings

( I ) Intensified fire protection design

The design of fire protection needs to be considered at the design stage of high-rise buildings. First, the location of the high-rise building needs to be considered in consideration of the layout of the city's overall plan. The location of the building, the distribution of the surrounding fire hydrant, the setting of the fire lane, and the fire prevention distance shall be fully considered. All kinds of fire protection design, and also in the high-rise building also need to install various types of fire prevention facilities, so that residents in the early stages of the fire can carry out fire fighting, suppress the momentum of the spread of fire to prevent the expansion of the disaster. In addition, the design of the safety evacuation channel also needs to take into account that the evacuation channel needs to have both horizontal and vertical channels in order to deal with fires in different situations. The more high-rise buildings are to ensure the patency and spaciousness of the evacuation channel, the evacuation channel. It should be designed on both sides of the building, and the ventilation system, smoke prevention system, fire prevention system and exhaust system should be installed in the passage to ensure that the residents in the building can safely evacuate.

( ii ) Use of fireproof building materials

In high-rise buildings, the fire performance of building materials directly determines the fire performance of the building as a whole. Therefore, building materials with lower ignition points need to be used as little as possible or not used. If construction materials with higher ignition points or even no combustion are used, they must be used if necessary. use of building materials to a lower ignition point, you need the material fire retardant treatment is available in the building after them, so that the chance of fires will be greatly reduced,) even if a fire occurs, the fire spread rate will be slower The resulting losses have been greatly reduced. At the same time, high-rise building managers and occupants need to pay attention to the storage of flammable and explosive materials. The flammable and explosive materials must be stored in a cool, ventilated place, away from direct sunlight, open flames, and high temperature areas. Stored items are fireproofed.

( III ) Strengthening residents' awareness of fire safety

Managers of high-rise buildings should strengthen publicity on the fire safety knowledge of residents in the building, strengthen residents' awareness of fire safety, teach fire safety strategies in households' daily lives, and escape strategies in fires, so as to reduce the risk of fire and reduce fires. Loss caused.

Fourth, escape strategy

( a ) need to maintain a rational judgment, do not panic

In case of a fire, do not panic, just run away, you need to maintain a rational ability to judge, understand the position of the evacuation channel in the building, determine the direction of the spread of the fire, choose the right direction to escape, do not run in the wrong direction.

( b ) Utilizing facilities around

If you can't walk through the evacuation route, you need to learn to use all the facilities around you to escape the fire scene or fight for time for yourself. In daily life, you need to have a clear understanding of the fire protection elevators, refuge floors, safety ropes, lifesaving bags, and smoke prevention stairs in your building to escape. If you encounter a fire at home, you can use the balcony, bedding, toilets, and bed sheets to carry out the work. Self-help. Only with a clear understanding of the location and operation of these firefighting facilities can these facilities be effectively used for self-rescue.

V. Conclusion

In summary, high-rise buildings, as an inevitable product of urban economic development and the development of the construction industry, have brought a huge impetus to urban construction in China, and fire is the most terrible hazardous factor in high-rise buildings. Compared with other ordinary buildings, there are significant differences. The fires that occur in high-rise buildings are extremely special due to the structural design of high-rise buildings. As a result, high-rise buildings face fire fighting, rescue work, and household escape. With great difficulties, it is only by finding corresponding countermeasures that it can protect the property safety and life safety of tenants.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.