First, the demand for nutrients in wheat
The research shows that for every 100kg of grain produced by wheat, about 3.1±1.1kg of nitrogen, 1.1±0.3kg of phosphorus (P2O5) and 3.2±0.6kg of potassium (K2O) are required. The ratio of the three is about 2.8:1:3.0; The yield level increased, the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorbed by wheat increased correspondingly, and then increased, the absorption of nitrogen decreased relatively, the relative increase of potassium, and the phosphorus was basically stable.
Before the wheat was raised, the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was relatively small. After the rise, the nutrient demand also increased sharply. The absorption rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the jointing to booting stage reached the peak of life. The absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus reached the maximum at the maturity stage, and the absorption of potassium reached the maximum cumulative amount at the heading stage, and then the absorption of potassium appeared negative. The accumulation and distribution of nutrients after wheat absorption at different growth stages mainly change with the transfer of growth centers. The nutrients absorbed during the seedling stage are mainly used for the establishment of vegetative organs such as tillers and leaves; the joints are mainly used for stems and differentiated young ears during the jointing and flowering period; after flowering, they mainly flow to the grains. The accumulation and distribution of phosphorus is basically similar to that of nitrogen, but the absorption is much smaller than that of nitrogen. The amount of potassium transferred to the kernel is small.
Second, fertilization technology
Fertilization techniques for wheat should include fertilization, fertilization, and fertilization. Fertilization amount (kg/mu)={required nutrient content (kg/mu) of the planned yield-soil supply nutrient (kg/mu)}/{fertilizer nutrient content (%)×fertilizer utilization rate (%)}, The nutrient content required for the planned yield can be determined according to the nutrient content of the 100 kg grain; the soil fertility status generally measures the nutrient quantity provided by the soil by the nutrient content of the wheat produced in the non-fertilized wheat field; in the field conditions, the nitrogen fertilizer is used in the current season. The rate is generally 30% to 50%, the phosphate fertilizer is 10% to 20%, the highest is 25% to 30%, and the potassium fertilizer is 40% to 70%. The utilization rate of organic fertilizer is generally about 20% to 25%. In general, low-yield fields should be supplemented with phosphorus fertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the yield should be less than 200kg/mu. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is about 1:1; when the yield is 200~400kg/mu, the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is 1:0.5; When the temperature is 500~600kg/mu, the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is preferably 1:0.4.
The fertilization period should be determined according to the fertilizer demand dynamics and fertilizer efficiency period of wheat. Generally, the growth period of winter wheat is long, and the wheat field with one-time fertilization before sowing is prone to the phenomenon of premature growth and early defermentation and premature aging. Post-application of nitrogen fertilizer has a better effect on increasing grain weight and protein content.
About two-thirds of the nitrogen absorbed by wheat comes from the soil, and one-third is supplied by the season. Therefore, wheat target yield is based on soil fertility levels and perennial high-yield trials. According to the survey, the wheat field in the wheat field in Northwest China is severely deficient in phosphorus, which is generally deficient in nitrogen and potassium is relatively abundant. According to the above principles and soil nutrient determination results, local agricultural technology departments can reasonably determine the application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and guide farmers to apply fertilizer scientifically.
3. Suitable fertilization amount of strong gluten and medium gluten wheat
In the Huanghuaihai wheat area, strong gluten and medium gluten wheat cultivation must pay attention to maintain a high organic matter content and nutrient balance in the soil, and on the basis of straw fertility, based on the soil fertility basis for precise fertilization.
High-yield and super-high-yield wheat fields from 400kg to 500kg to 600kg per mu: 0-20cm soil organic matter content 1.0%, total nitrogen 0.09%, alkali nitrogen 70-80mg/kg, available phosphorus 20mg/kg, quick-acting potassium 90mg /kg, under the condition of effective sulfur 12mg/kg and above, the total fertilization amount per mu: pure nitrogen 12kg ~ 14kg ~ 16kg, P2O55kg ~ 6.2kg ~ 7.5kg, K2O5kg ~ 6.2kg ~ 7.5kg, S4.3kg.
Production of wheat from 300kg to 400kg per mu in the middle-class wheat field: soil organic matter content of 0-20cm soil layer is about 0.8%, total nitrogen is 0.06%-0.08%, alkali nitrogen is 60-70mg/kg, quick-acting phosphorus is 10~15mg/kg, quick-acting Potassium 60 ~ 80mg / kg, effective sulfur 12mg / kg and above, the total fertilization amount per mu: pure nitrogen 10kg ~ 14kg, P2O55kg ~ 7kg, K2O5kg ~ 7kg, S4.3kg. The wheat in the above-mentioned production level advocates the application of organic fertilizer and the rational application of medium and trace element fertilizers. In high-yield fields or super-high-yield fields, all organic fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, 50% of nitrogen fertilizers, and 50% of potash fertilizers are used as base fertilizers; the second year of spring wheat jointing stage is combined with watering to apply the remaining 50% of nitrogen fertilizer and 50% of potash fertilizer. . In middle-yield fields, wheat fields with low soil fertility can increase the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer at the bottom of the field. Sulfur is recommended to use a form of fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or potassium sulfate or superphosphate. Ministry of Agriculture Wheat Expert Guidance Group
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