Study on the Separation Methods of Lead and Antimony from Brittle Sulphidicite

Abstract: The brittle-sulfur-bismuth-bismuth-bismuth ore is an important lead-antimony sulfide ore in China. The effective separation of lead and antimony is a difficult problem that restricts the efficient use of this ore. In this paper, the methods of separation of lead and antimony from brittle sulphur-bismuth-bismuth-bearing ore are classified, and the principle and research status of these methods are briefly summarized.

Key words: brittle sulphide ore; method of separation of lead and antimony; research status
CLC number:TF131,TF818 Document code:A Article ID:
Research Survey on dispersing lead and antimony from jamesonite

XIONG Heng1,2,3, YANG Bin1,2,3, XU Bao-qiang1,2,3,DENG Yong1,2,3
(1. National Key Laboratory of Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming 650093, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Vacuum Metallurgy for Non-ferrous Metal of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China; 3. .State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Complex Non-ferrous Metal Resources Clear Utilization in Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, China)


Abstract: Jamesonite is an important mineral resource in China. Effective separation of lead and antimony from jamesonite has always been a hard technical problem for realizing efficient use of jamesointe. This the categorizes different methods of divided lead and antimony from jamesonite. A brief overview of Theories and research status of different methods are introduced as well.
Key words : Jamesonite, lead and antimony separation method, current research
CLC Number: TF131, Document Code: Article ID:
1 Introduction <br> Jamesonite be used to extract ore is a lead, antimony minerals complex and comprehensive recovery of rare metals copper, zinc, silver, indium, our country is the only high yield of this mineral, of about antimony 30% to 40% of resources. However, it is quite difficult to make full use of this mineral. One reason for this is that the mineral has a complex composition and structure. Lead and antimony are present in the form of natural sulfide solid solutions in the mineral. Lead and antimony are embedded in each other, and any physical ore dressing is performed. None of the methods can separate the lead and antimony from the minerals. The ore concentrate obtained by beneficiation is actually a polymetallic lead antimony complex sulfide ore; on the other hand, the physical and chemical properties of lead and antimony are similar, and the behavior is similar in the metallurgical process. Sex. In order to deal with this mineral and achieve effective separation of lead and antimony, China's metallurgical workers have conducted a lot of research work and proposed many methods for smelting. In this paper, the existing methods for separation of lead and antimony from brittle-sulfur-bismuth-bismuth are classified, and a brief overview of the separation principle and research status is given .
2 method of separation of lead and antimony from brittle lead and antimony ore <br><br><br><br><br> The method of separation of lead antimony from antimony or antimony ore antimony ore is divided into two categories: fire method and wet method. There are two major categories of fire and wet methods. However, from the point of view of the separation process of lead and antimony from the process of brittle sulphur and antimony ore, it can be roughly divided into three categories: 1 combination of various smelting methods to obtain lead-bismuth-coarse alloy, starting from the lead-bismuth crude alloy to carry out lead and antimony separation (2) Wet process is used to convert cesium into lanthanum salt and enter into solution to achieve separation of lead and antimony; 3 to separate lead and antimony by special means.
2.1 Separation of lead-bismuth crude alloys <br> Starting lead-bismuth crude alloys for lead-bismuth separation is one of the most studied methods for separation of lead and antimony, mainly because it is relatively easy to obtain a lead-bismuth-bearing alloy from brittle sulphur-bismuth antimony concentrates. It is simple and easy. The main methods for obtaining lead-bismuth crude alloys have been reported: roaster-sintering-blast furnace smelting[1], vortex furnace smelting[1,2,3], and reduced sulfur smelting smelting[4,5,6].
2.1.1 Oxidation-reduction method Oxidation-reduction separation of lead-bismuth-cobalt alloys utilizes the higher affinity of niobium for oxygen than lead, which is easier to oxidize, and the volatility of niobium oxide is higher. The oxidation of niobium metal volatilizes into the gas phase in the form of Sb2O3. And separated from the metal lead. The advantages of oxidation-reduction separation of lead-bismuth crude alloys are that the processing equipment and technology are relatively mature, the treatment method is simple, and it is easy to realize industrial production. It is currently the mainstream treatment method, and the equipment used is a reverberatory furnace, a blast furnace, etc. [7,8]. The problem of separating the lead-bismuth crude alloy by oxidation reduction method is that it is difficult to avoid partial oxidation of lead during the oxidation of niobium. Usually, multiple oxidation-reduction processes are required before the initial separation of lead and antimony can be achieved, resulting in the entire separation process. , Recycled more, most of the metal lanthanum in the production cycle, lead, thorium recovery rate is low [1]. The industrial production practice of oxidation-reduction treatment of lead-bismuth crude alloys shows that the recovery rate of lead is generally about 70%, and the recovery of bismuth is about 60%[1]. For lead-bismuth-cobalt alloy treatment, it has been reported [9] that the control temperature is 950~1150°C. The air from the helium liquid surface is used to pressurize the oxygen. For lead-bismuth alloys containing ≤20% of lead, lead oxide containing ≤ 0.08 can be obtained. %, antimony trioxide ≥99.8% of white enamel; for lead-bismuth alloys containing 21%~50% of lead, niobium white with lead oxide ≤0.18% and antimony trioxide ≥99.2% can be obtained; for lead 51%~ 90% of the lead-antimony alloy can be obtained with oxidized lead ≤ 1% and antimony trioxide ≥ 98.5%.
2.1.2 Centrifugal Segregation <br> The theoretical basis for centrifugal segregation of lead-bismuth-cobalt alloys is that the lead-bismuth binary alloy is a typical partially miscible eutectic composition, in which the lead-bismuth is infinitely soluble and partially soluble in the solid state. . When the molten hypereutectic lead-bismuth alloy is slowly and continuously cooled at a temperature of 251.2°C, a eutectic-rich lead-rich liquid phase (containing cerium: 11.2%) and crystallized cerium-rich β solid solution are obtained. At this point, using the method of centrifugation, using lead and tellurium specific gravity characteristics, control the appropriate temperature conditions, so that the lead-rich liquid phase is separated from the rich antimony beta solid solution. Separation of lead-bismuth-cobalt alloys by centrifugal segregation, control of the temperature field, and rapid diffusion and enrichment of lead and gallium radicals are key to effective separation of lead and antimony. There have been patents pointing out [10] that for lead-bismuth-bearing alloys containing 31.4% niobium and 64.5% lead, the centrifuge speed is controlled to 1500-2000 rpm, the alloy melting temperature is 500-550°C, and the segregation temperature is 250. Under the conditions of ~300°C, crude rhodium containing 83.2% rhodium, 11.4% lead, and coarse lead containing 79.5% lead and 16.3% rhodium can be obtained.
2.1.3 Vacuum Distillation <br> Vacuum Distillation Separation of lead and antimony alloys is mainly based on the difference in the vapor pressure of metal lead and metal antimony at the same temperature. The theoretical analysis shows that the vapor pressures of lead and base metals below 1000°C differ by a factor of ten to several tens of times, and there are still ten or more differences above 1000°C. Therefore, proper control of temperature can make helium volatilize in the gas phase, and lead does not volatilize and enrich. Collected in liquid, so as to achieve the purpose of separation of lead and antimony. The National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum Metallurgy at Kunming University of Science and Technology conducted an in-depth study of this method [11]. The results show that for lead-bismuth-bearing alloys with niobium content of 20%~25%, due to the azeotropic phenomenon of lead and antimony, it cannot be separated by vacuum distillation; for lead crucibles with niobium content higher than 25% or lower than 20% For the alloy, vacuum distillation can be used to obtain relatively pure metal crucibles and relatively pure metal lead.
2.1.4 Sulfur removal and lead removal method <br> The affinity of metal for sulfur is not the same, so the method of adding sulfur can be used for metal impurity removal. The lead addition and removal method of lead and antimony alloy is based on this principle. In the lead-bismuth crude alloy, sulfur is added. Because the affinity of sulfur for lead is greater than that of niobium, sulfur and lead react to produce lead sulfide slag. At the same time, lead can displace niobium in niobium sulfide, ensuring that most of the niobium enter the niobium solution. Most of the lead enters lead slag, which effectively separates the lead. The patent for lead-bismuth crude alloys with sulfur and lead removal [12] indicates that for lead-bismuth-bearing alloys containing 1% to 10% lead, adding 10% of the raw material's sulphur in an induction furnace, the control temperature is 800°C. Lead slag with a lead content of 0.22% and a slag content of 43% to 61% and a lead content of 9% to 32% were obtained.
2.1.5 Separation method <br> The so-called "smelting" refers to the melt in the molten state or its slow cooling process, due to the density of the old and new phases, so that the liquid or solid phase separation method. According to the binary diagram of the lead and antimony system, the lead-bismuth binary alloy can form a eutectic composition containing 11.2% of niobium and 88.8% of lead at a temperature of 251.2°C, and the melting point of lead and antimony is 300°C. The density is greater than that of lanthanum. Therefore, any lead-bismuth alloy containing more than 11.2% of lanthanum can theoretically be melted at a temperature greater than or equal to its melting point and condense to a temperature greater than or equal to 251.2°C. Precipitation in the liquid phase, so as to achieve the purpose of lead and antimony separation. The patent on the separation of lead and antimony from lead-bismuth crude alloys pointed out [13] that for lead-bismuth-bearing alloys containing Pb ≥ 62% and 50 ≤ Pb ≤ 62%, lead content of 78% to 84% can be obtained after one-step or two-step leaching. Crude lead. The advantage of the leaching process for treating lead-bismuth crude alloys is that the equipment is relatively simple and the efficiency is quite high; the disadvantage is that high-quality lead and antimony products cannot be obtained directly.
2.2 Wet process <br> Wet processing of lead and antimony separation of brittle lead and antimony ore, according to the nature of the solvent used can be divided into acidic wet process and alkaline wet process two. Acidic wet process generally uses chlorine salt system, the main process is chlorination-hydrolysis [1,14,15], new chlorination-hydrolysis [1,16,17] chlorination retort [1,18,19] Wait. The alkaline wet process generally uses a sulfur salt system. A typical process is the sodium sulfide leaching-electrowinning method [20, 21, 22].
2.2.1 Chlorination-hydrolysis, new chlorination-hydrolysis method The essence of the chlorination-hydrolysis method and the new chlorination-hydrolysis method is the method of controlling the potential to leaching helium with chlorine, and the hydrazine enters in the form of chloride. The solution, lead is left in the slag in the form of lead chloride precipitation, so that the separation of thorium and lead. After that, the filtrate is hydrolyzed to obtain white (pure Sb2O3) or hydrolyzed barium (Sb2O3). The hydrolyzed leech white can be used as a chemical raw material, and the hydrolyzed leech can be used as a raw material for a refining process. At present, many companies have adopted this method to deal with brittle lead and antimony ore[1]. The advantages of this method are high recovery of antimony and lead, which can be as high as 94% and 99%. The processing equipment is relatively mature and easy to implement. Industrial production. The disadvantage is that in order to completely hydrolyze the oxonium hydrobromide in the subsequent treatment process, one or more hydrolysis steps are required. Since the pH of the solution is generally controlled at 1 to 2, this requires a large amount of dilution solution for the dilution water, so the acid consumption is high and the water consumption is high. Large wastewater discharges are large. Even if wastewater is treated, it is difficult to meet national standards. In addition, there is a problem that the purity of hydrolyzed silica is not high enough to require corrosion-resistant equipment.
2.2.2 chlorination retort method <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> 锑 锑 氯化 氯化铅 铅 锑 锑 锑 锑 锑 锑 锑 锑 锑 锑. This method first uses a concentrated FeCl 3 -HCl solution to convert lead and antimony sulfides into lead and antimony chlorides. Then, at a temperature above the boiling point of antimony chloride, the antimony chlorides are distilled off. The compounds remain in the slag. The recovery rate of this method is about 99%, and the recovery rate of sulfur is more than 84%. However, the method has complex processing flow and high cost, and is not suitable for large-scale application. Central South University conducted a study on the chlorinating agent of cesium, and found that the use of antimony pentachloride instead of ferric chloride as a chlorinating agent has better separation of lead and antimony. This method is also called AC method [19].
2.2.3 sulfide leaching - electrowinning <br> soluble in aqueous sodium sulfide, antimony sulfide and lead sulfide is insoluble, such as a solution of sodium sulfide can be separated from lead and antimony leaching agent. The sodium sulfide leaching-electrowinning method is based on this principle to realize the separation of lead and antimony from brittle sulphur lead-bismuth-bearing ores. The advantage of this method lies in its good selectivity with sodium sulphide as the leaching agent. In the leaching process of lead cesium, barium dissolves and lead does not dissolve, and lead and barium can be more thoroughly separated in one operation. The disadvantage is that there will be a large amount of sodium sulfate accumulated in the subsequent anode waste liquid, which will seriously affect the electrowinning operation. Although sodium sulfate can be obtained after the concentrated sodium sulfate is extracted to return to the process, the energy consumption and alkali consumption of the entire treatment process are Too high, low economic efficiency. At present, there is a small factory in Hechi, Guangxi, which uses this method. The rest of the manufacturers basically do not use this method.
2.3 Special Methods
2.3.1 Vapor-Air Mixed Atmosphere Oxidation Method <br> Although oxygen vaporization of metal sulfides has been proposed for a long time using steam-air mixed gas, few studies have been conducted so far. Kunming University of Science and Technology Yang Xian Wan et al. [23,24,25] proposed a method for the separation of lead and antimony from brittle sulphur-bismuth-bismuth-bearing ore by steam-air mixed atmosphere oxidation. This method is obviously different from the traditional pyrometallurgical process, not in terms of lead output. After the upsetting of the alloy, the lead-bismuth alloy was separated, but the difference in the physical and chemical properties of the minerals was directly used to directly act on the concentrate, yielding niobium concentrates and lead concentrates, respectively. This method utilizes the special catalytic action of water vapor to selectively oxidize Sb2S3 to Sb2O3, so that the partial pressure of Sb2S3 in the gas phase is greatly reduced, and the volatilization of Sb2S3 always fails to reach equilibrium, which further promotes the decomposition of brittle sulphidic lead ore. In addition, because PbS has a low vapor pressure and does not react with water vapor, it remains in the slag, thereby achieving the separation of lead and antimony. This method puts forward a new idea of ​​separation of lead and lead from another perspective, which greatly simplifies the smelting process. The technical difficulty of this method is to strictly control the oxygen potential because the oxygen potential in the system can selectively oxidize Sb2S3 to Sb2O3 instead of oxidizing PbS to PbO.
2.3.2 <br> pulp slurry electrolysis Electrolysis ore is leached with a new method for metallurgical portion leaching solution purification and electrowinning processes such binding. In the HCl-NH4Cl system, due to the high solubility of barium and the low solubility of lead, it is possible to separate the lead and barium by pulp electrolysis. China was the earliest country that used the ore slurry electrolysis method to treat the brittle sulphur-bismuth-bismuth ore, and has the independent intellectual property rights of this method [26,27,28,29,30]. The experimental study of this method shows that this method can realize one-step separation of lead and antimony from brittle lead-sulfur-bearing ores, and can directly extract metal antimony. As a new type of short-process metallurgical technology, the pulp electrolysis process combines organic processes such as leaching, solution purification and electrowinning. The method has the advantages of low energy consumption, low pollution, strong raw material adaptability, low production cost, and the like. Therefore, it can be said that the pulp electrolysis method is currently the most promising method for the efficient separation and utilization of lead and antimony in the treatment of brittle lead and antimony ore.
2.3.3 Combined Fire and Wet Processes <br> Chen Huiying et al [31] combined the advantages of fire and wet methods and proposed a combined fire and wet process. This combined treatment process uses a pyrometallurgy to obtain a lead-bismuth crude alloy at the front end, and then chlorinates the lead-bismuth crude alloy, obtains SbCl3 after rectification, hydrolyzes SbCl3 at the back end, and neutralizes with ammonia to obtain hydrolyzed antimony white. The advantages of this method lie in the high straightness yield, and the intermediate product SbCl3 can be used as the raw material for deep processing of all the thorium products. However, this method is very strict with the technical requirements, resulting in high production costs, and is therefore limited in large-scale industrial use.
2.3.4 Vacuum Vacuum Metallurgy metallurgical <br> Treatment Jamesonite ore separation of lead and antimony is recently proposed a new method of [32], the method is the use of special mineral Jamesonite mineralogical composition thereof Vacuum thermal decomposition treatment is performed to produce low-valence sulfides of lead and bismuth, which are then distilled and condensed. Since the melting points and boiling points of the low-valent sulfides of lead and antimony have large differences, this method can obtain high-grade lead products and antimony products. The advantages of vacuum metallurgy are that the treatment process is simple, the separation of lead and antimony can be realized in one operation, and the environmental pollution of the treatment process is avoided; the disadvantage is that the equipment requirements are high, the ore processing capacity is greatly limited, and industrialization is more difficult to implement. Big. At present, this method is still in the research stage. From the principle of lead and antimony separation, this method has unique environmental and economic advantages and is a treatment method with good application prospects.
3 Conclusions <br> China's wolfberry resources are rich in reserves, mineral deposits, large scale, and good ore, is the traditional advantage of minerals. However, the continuous high-intensity mining over the years has resulted in fewer and fewer reserves of high quality and easy smelting, and the complex antimony sulfide ore that has been difficult to select and difficult to smelt has become the main source of antimony products. According to statistics, since 2000, more than 50% of China's plutonium production has been dominated by complex plutonium sulphide ore, and China has already formed a complex plutonium sulphide ores with more reserves and quantities than single plutonium sulphide ore[33]. The generation of complex lead-bismuth ore such as mines has become an inevitable trend in the development of our country's plutonium industry [34]. From the perspective of the existing method of separation of brittle lead, antimony, lead and antimony, although the traditional pyrometallurgical melting method is easy to implement, it can no longer meet the requirements of the non-ferrous metals metallurgical industry for sustainable development, and develops new technologies, new technologies and new Equipment, promote the application of new technologies, new processes, and new equipment in lead-bismuth smelting enterprises, and gradually replace the treatment methods and methods with large pollution, low efficiency, and high energy consumption, and it is the development direction of lead-bismuth smelting industry in China.

references
[1] He Qixian, Lu Xizheng.Lead antimony metallurgical production technology[M].Beijing: Metallurgical industry press, 2005.
[2] Zhang Qiufang, Shi yin Kau new copper smelting process -Contop [J] Nonferrous Mining and Metallurgy, 2001, 17 (2): 19-22.
[3] Wang Xing. Direct production of white ice copper and blister copper by vortex melting method [J]. China Nonferrous Metals, 2006, 35 (3): 6~10.
Xu Yangliang,Hua Yixin.Study on new technology of separation of lead and antimony from brittle lead-bismuth-bismuth ore[J].China Nonferrous Metallurgy,2005,(10):44~46.
[4] Tang Yutang, Tang Chaobo, Zhang Duomeo. Nonferrous metal smelting method without sulfur dioxide emissions - non-ferrous metal sulfide ore and sulfur-enriched material reduction smelting smelting [J]. non-ferrous metals. 2000,52 ( 4):58~60.
[5]Tang Chaobo, Tang Yutang, Yao Weiyi, Yang Shenghai, He Jing, Peng He. Reduction and smelting of brittle lead and antimony concentrate[J].Journal of Central South University of Technology, 2003,34(5) : 502~505.
[6]Chen Yongming, Huang Chao, Tang Yutang, Tang Chaobo, Pei Guanhua. One-step smelting of yttrium sulphide concentrate to reduce smelting smelting[J]. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2005,15(8):1311~1316.
[7] Wei Yuanji, Lu Yongzhuang, Wei Mingfang, Bin Shihua, Chen Jiarong, Ou Jiacai, He Yong. Method for separating lead and antimony from lead-bismuth crude alloy[P]. China Patent:1405341A,2003-3-26.
[8]HE Faquan, LIU Zhonghua, CHEN Wen.Preliminary study on the separation of lead-bismuth alloy and its preliminary study [J]. Nonferrous Mining, 2000,16(2):38~40.
[9] Hu Nanqiu, Li Jianwei, Sun Yueming. High lead and antimony separation method [P]. Chinese patent: CN 1244591A, 2000-2-16.
[10] Ai Hengheng, Song Suhua. Lead-bismuth alloy centrifugal separation segregation method [P]. Chinese patent: Int.Cl4 C22B 13/10,1989-3-8.
[11] Yang Bin, Dai Yongnian, Zhang Guojing. Study on vacuum distillation of lead-bismuth crude alloy[J] Yunnan Metallurgy, 1999,28(1):40~43.
[12] DAI Yongnian, YANG Bin, YANG Buzheng, ZHANG Guojing, LUO Wenzhou, WU Kunhua, WANG Chenglan, LIU Yongcheng. Method for lead removal from lead-antimony alloy by sulfur [P]. Chinese patent: CN 1158906A, 1997-9-10.
[13] Wei Yuanji, Lu Yongzhuang, Wei Mingfang, Bin Shihua, Chen Jiarong, Ou Jiacai, He Yong. Method for separating lead and antimony from lead-bismuth crude alloy [P]. Chinese patent: CN 1405341A, 2003-3-26.
[14] He Qixian, Lu Yizheng. Lead and antimony metallurgical production technology [M]. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2005.
[15] Tang Yutang, Wang Ling. New process for the treatment of leaching solution of brittle sulphur and lead concentrate by neutralization and hydrolysis[J]. Journal of Central South University of Technology, 1997,28(3):226~228
[16]TANG Mo-tang, ZHAO Tian-cong, LU Jun-yue, HE Qingpu. Principle and application of the new chlorination-hydrolization process[J]. Journal of South China University of Mining and Metallurgy, 1992,23(4):405~ 411
[17] Tang Motang, Lu Junle, Zhao Tiancong, He Qingpu. New chlorination-hydrolysis process for the treatment of large-scale brittle lead, antimony and antimony concentrates[J]. Nonferrous Metals, 1991, 43(5): 20~22
[18] Tang Yutang, Zhao Tiancong, Le Songguang. Research on the new processing technology and basic theory of the crisp sulfur-bismuth lead ore concentrate in Dachang, Guangxi[J]. Journal of Central South College of Mining and Metallurgy, 1982(4): 18 ~26
[19] Tang Yutang, Zhao Tiancong. AC method for the treatment of brittle sulphur-bismuth lead concentrates in Dachang, Guangxi[J]. Nonferrous Metals (Smelting), 1991(5): 20~22
[20] Chen Xiyi. Some thoughts on China's industrial product structure adjustment strategy[J]. Tin Mining Science and Technology, 1997, (2): 1~6
[21] Yang Tianzuo, Tang Jianjun, Bin Wanda, Chen Xihong. The production process and research progress of sodium pyroantimonate[J].Inorganic Salt Technology,1999,31(1):20~22
[22] Tang Jianjun, Yang Tianzuo, Bin Wanda, Chen Xihong. Research on precipitation of helium by air oxidation of sodium thioarsenite solution. Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources [J], 2001, (4): 11~14
[23] Hua Yixin, Yang Xianwan. New technology for the direct separation of lead and antimony from brittle sulphidic lead and antimony ore [P]. Chinese patent: 1148627A,1997-4-30
[24] Zhu Fuliang, Hua Yixin, Gao Yuntao. Lead and antimony separation of PbS-Sb2S3 binary system in steam atmosphere[J]. Nonferrous Metals (smelting), 2003(5): 2~5
[25] Xu Yangliang, Hua Yixin. Research on the new process of separation of lead and antimony from brittle lead-bismuth-bismuth ore[J]. China Nonferrous Metallurgy, 2005, (15): 44~46
[26] Yang Xianwan. Slurry electrolysis principle [M]. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2000
[27]WANG Chengyan, QIU Dingfan, JIANG Peihai, LIANG Dehua, DENG Chunlong. Study on the Electrolysis of Complex Sb-Pb Concentrate Slurry[J]. Mining and Metallurgy, 2002, 11(3): 51~55
[28] Wang Chengyan, Qiu Dingfan, Jiang Peihai. Electrolytic process and theoretical study of complex lead-bismuth ore[J]. Nonferrous Metals, 2002, (6): 72~75
[29]Wang YL. Electrolytic process and theoretical study of complex lanthanum ore[D]. Yunnan: Kunming University of Science and Technology, 2002.
[30]Wang Chengyan, Qiu Dingfan, Jiang Peihai. Study on electrolysis mechanism of brittle sulphur-bismuth ore pulp[J]. Nonferrous Metals, 2003, 55(1): 25~28
[31] Chen Huiying. Study on the combined treatment of fire and wet methods for brittle sulphidic lead and antimony ore[J].Tin Mining Science and Technology, 1998, (6):27~35
[32] Xiong Heng, Yang Bin, Dai Weiping. A method for separation of lead and antimony from brittle lead-bismuth-bismuth ore[P]. China Patent.3,2012-03-31
[33] Yuan Bo, Fan Jitao, Yu Lianghui. Situation analysis and countermeasures of China's wolfberry resources[J]. China Land and Resources Economics, 2012,(3):47~49
[34] Yanjun Jun, Shihong Huang, Jianjin Yi, Wei Wei. Current status and prospects of smelting technology of brittle sulphide and antimony ore[J].Hunan Nonferrous Metals,2008,(2):35~38