(Source: U.S. Army Research Laboratory official website)
Through molecular eye technology, scientists can more accurately understand the inner workings of batteries and find out why they are easy to catch fire. According to foreign media reports, researchers from the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command's Army Research Laboratory and the US Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory To discuss how the two key parts of the battery contact with each other to form a chemical reaction, and form a key part of the battery, commonly known as solid electrolyte interface membrane (SEI).
The researchers said that understanding the chemical nature and formation mechanism of the battery SEI will play a key role in better developing high-quality batteries in the future. The new study uses molecular eye technology to draw a dynamic picture of SEI chemistry and structure. Army scientist Dr. Oleg Borodin said that these attributes will affect the charge and discharge rate of the battery, especially in terms of low temperature, safety and cycle life.
Dr. Kang Xu, the principal investigator of the research project, said: "SEI is critical to battery performance, but it is difficult to characterize it specifically. They determine the charging speed of the battery to improve the operating performance and prevent the battery from running suddenly. Slow down or malfunction. However, like dark matter, everyone knows their existence, but they do n’t know how they work. â€
Scientists at the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed in-situ liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry techniques. They collaborated with Army scientists to use this technology to study the working principle of the electrode-electrolyte interface chemistry at the molecular level during the first hour of battery charging. By monitoring the formation of SEI and its chemical changes, drawing a picture of the chemical reaction that took place, and combining molecular dynamics simulation methods, their work revealed something that could only be speculated before.
At the initial stage of battery charging, an electric double layer is formed at the electrode / electrolyte interface. This double-layer structure leads to SEI microstructure and chemical differences, and ultimately determines battery performance. Understanding this interface at the molecular level can provide a powerful guide for better battery design. The researchers found that during the initial charging, before any chemical reaction between phases occurs, due to the self-assembly of the solvent molecules, an electric double layer will form on the electrode / electrolyte interface. This is influenced by lithium ions and electrode surface potential. This two-layer structure predicts the final interphase chemistry, especially the negatively charged electrode surface, which repels salt anions from the inner layer, resulting in a thin and dense inorganic SEI inside. It is this uniform dense layer responsible for conducting Li + and insulating electrons, which is the main function of SEI. After the inner layer is formed, an outer layer that is permeable to electrolyte and rich in organic matter appears. In the presence of a high-concentration fluorine-rich electrolyte, due to the presence of anions in the bilayer, the LiF concentration in the inner layer of the SEI is higher. Such real-time nanoscale observations will help to design better interfaces for future batteries.
In 2017, Army researchers collaborated with the University of Maryland to develop a lithium-ion battery for the first time. The battery uses a water-salt solution as an electrolyte to achieve the 4.0V voltage required by household electronic products, such as laptop computers. And, unlike some commercial non-aqueous lithium-ion batteries, there is a risk of fire and explosion. The water battery invented by the team is different from most commercial batteries. Understanding SEI can gradually improve current technology as a direct solution for many Army applications. (Author: Elisha)
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